Anna D. Wagner, MD, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland, outlines the importance of considering sexual dimorphism in cancer healthcare. She draws a distinction between men and women in terms of tumor biology, the pharmacological action of medicines, and consequent treatment choice and efficacy. For instance, women were less likely than men to receive curative treatment for early states of lower oesophageal cancers, for no apparent reason other than biological sex. This interview was recorded via an online conference call with The Video Journal of Oncology (VJOncology).