Beyond PD-L1 expression, there have been developments in biomarkers for therapy in lung cancer. Keith Kerr, MBChB, FRCPath, FRCPE, of Aberdeen University Medical School, Aberdeen, UK, discusses these updates, covering ROS1, RET, NTRK and MET, from the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) 2018 Congress, in Munich, Germany. Prof. Kerr also comments on the need to improve immuno-oncology biomarker testing beyond PD-L1.