The ways in which circulating tumor (ct)DNA measurements from liquid biopsies should be used and applied are explored here by Kai-Keen Shiu, MRCP, PhD, of the University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. Dr Shiu speaks at the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) 2018 Congress, in Munich, Germany, discussing the uses of ctDNA assays in a variety of settings, while raising questions on how best liquid biopsies should be examined. What is the best assay? And are there applications for these in the curative setting?