So ctDNA is coming into the life of the medical oncologist managing bladder cancer. We now have data that if patients have ctDNA clearance because of their neoadjuvant treatment or after the cystectomy, that will actually correlate with their outcomes, knowing that having ctDNA after cystectomy, that increases the risk of recurrence and intervening there with adjuvant treatment is also critically important...
So ctDNA is coming into the life of the medical oncologist managing bladder cancer. We now have data that if patients have ctDNA clearance because of their neoadjuvant treatment or after the cystectomy, that will actually correlate with their outcomes, knowing that having ctDNA after cystectomy, that increases the risk of recurrence and intervening there with adjuvant treatment is also critically important. So right now, we’re conducting the MODERN trial, which is really based on the ctDNA status of patients who had cystectomy with or without neoadjuvant treatment. If they’re ctDNA positive, they will be randomized to either nivolumab or nivolumab. While if they’re ctDNA negative, they will be receiving nivolumab or they will be observed. And those that are going to be observed will be tested every three months. And if at any time point they convert from ctDNA negative to ctDNA positive they will have the option to receive nivolumab at that time point and again, and the goal here will be can we decrease the risk of recurrence.
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