Thomas Powles, MBBS, MRCP, MD, of Barts Cancer Institute, London, UK, explains the clinically meaningful results obtained from the Phase II ABACUS trial (NCT02662309), which is characterizing the efficacy of two cycles of neoadjuvant atezolizumab in bladder cancer prior to cystectomy. Speaking at the 2019 Genitourinary Cancers Symposium, held in San Francisco, CA, Prof. Powles reports that the early use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the course of the disease may be beneficial to patients, and goes on to discuss the potential mechanisms underlying the development of resistance to immunotherapies.