ctDNA was very helpful to us in the neoadjuvant setting. So we did see that a majority of patients in the trial had a decrease in their ctDNA . And that’s important in these window of opportunity studies where the duration of treatment is actually short, so on the order of four weeks, where maybe it’s not enough time to have the majority of patients have a pathologic complete response, but we can tell from the decrease in the ctDNA that we are seeing on-target activity and we’re seeing potentially cytotoxicity...
ctDNA was very helpful to us in the neoadjuvant setting. So we did see that a majority of patients in the trial had a decrease in their ctDNA . And that’s important in these window of opportunity studies where the duration of treatment is actually short, so on the order of four weeks, where maybe it’s not enough time to have the majority of patients have a pathologic complete response, but we can tell from the decrease in the ctDNA that we are seeing on-target activity and we’re seeing potentially cytotoxicity. Another aspect that was actually quite helpful in these neoadjuvant trials is the differentiation between the contribution of the different components of the TURBT, which is the transurethral resection of the bladder tumor, which is how muscle invasive bladder cancer is diagnosed, but also is a procedure to remove tumors. So that could result in a decrease in ctDNA and debulking of the tumor. So using ctDNA, we had several time points. So we measured ctDNA right after the TURBT, but before starting the study drug. And we saw very clearly that we could clearly differentiate between the effects of the drug, where you see a significant decrease after starting bemacyclid, whereas in the time period that elapsed from the TURBT to starting bemacyclid, we see mostly no change or even the ctDNA going up. So this clearly shows us that the effects that we were observing in this trial were due to the study drug and not due to the TURBT. Thank you.
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